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The Food Production Chain - How Food Gets Contaminated

It takes several steps to get food from the farm or fishery to the dining table. We call these steps the food production chain. Contamination can occur at any point along the chain—during production, processing, distribution, or preparation.

Production

Production means growing the plants we harvest or raising the animals we use for food. Most food comes from domesticated animals and plants, and their production occurs on farms or ranches. Some foods are caught or harvested from the wild, such as some fish, mushrooms, and game.

Examples of Contamination in Production

• If a hen’s reproductive organs are infected, the yolk of an egg can be contaminated in the hen before it is even laid.
• If the fields are sprayed with contaminated water for irrigation, fruits and vegetables can be contaminated before harvest.
• Fish in some tropical reefs may acquire a toxin from the smaller sea creatures they eat.
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Processing

Processing means changing plants or animals into what we recognize and buy as food. Processing involves different steps for different kinds of foods. For produce, processing can be as simple as cleaning and sorting, or it can involve trimming, slicing, or shredding and bagging. Milk is usually processed by pasteurizing it; sometimes it is made into cheese. Nuts may be roasted, chopped, or ground (such as with peanut butter). For animals, the first step of processing is slaughter. Meat and poultry may then be cut into pieces or ground. They may also be smoked, cooked, or frozen and may be combined with other ingredients to make a sausage or entrée, such as a potpie.

Examples of Contamination in Processing

• If contaminated water or ice is used to wash, pack, or chill fruits or vegetables, the contamination can spread to those items.
• Peanut butter can become contaminated if roasted peanuts are stored in unclean conditions or come into contact with contaminated raw peanuts.
• During the slaughter process, pathogens on an animal’s hide that came from the intestines can get into the final meat product.
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